1) Sodium benzoate, C6H5COONa, is a salt of the weak acid, benzoic acid, C6H5COOH. A 0.10-molar solution of sodium benzoate has a pH of 8.60 at room temperature.
(a) Calculate the [OH¯] in the sodium benzoate solution described above.
(b) Calculate the value for the equilibrium constant for the reaction
C6H5COO¯ + H2O <===> C6H5COOH + OH¯
(c) Calculate the value of Ka, the acid dissociation constant for benzoic acid.
(d) A saturated solution of benzoic acid is prepared by adding excess solid benzoic acid to pure water at room temperature. Since this saturated solution has a pH of 2.88, calculate the molar solubility of benzoic acid at room temperature.
2) For a hypothetical chemical reaction that has the stoichiometry 2 X + Y ---> Z, the following initial rate data were obtained. All the measurements were made at the same temperature.
| Initial Rate of Formation of Z, mol L¯1 sec¯1 |
Initial [X]o, mol L¯1 |
Initial [Y]o, mol L¯1 |
| 7.0 x 10¯4 | 0.20 | 0.10 |
| 1.4 x 10¯3 | 0.40 | 0.20 |
| 2.8 x 10¯3 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
| 4.2 x 10¯3 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
(a) Give the rate law for this reaction from the data above
(b) Calculate the specific rate constant for this reaction and specify its units.
(c) How long must the reaction proceed to produce a concentration of Z equal to 0.20 molar, if the initial reaction concentrations are [X]o = 0.80 molar, [Y]o = 0.60 molar, and [Z]o = 0 molar?
(d) Select from the mechanisms below the one most consistent with the observed data, and explain your choice. In these mechanisms M and N are reaction intermediates. (NB - the words fast and slow are placed above the reaction arrow on the original test.)
| (1) | (2) | (3) |
| X + Y ----> M (slow) | X + X <===> M (fast) | Y ---> M (slow) |
| X + M ----> Z (fast) | Y + M----> Z (slow) | M + X ---> N (fast) |
| N + X ----> Z (fast) |
| Substance | Standard Heat of Formation, DHf°, in kJ mol¯1 |
Absolute Entropy S°, in J mol¯1 K¯1 |
| C(s) | 0.00 | 5.69 |
| CO2(g) | -393.5 | 213.6 |
| H2(g) | 0.00 | 130.6 |
| H2O(l) | -285.85 | 69.96 |
| O2(g) | 0.00 | 205.0 |
| C3H7COOH(l) | ? | 226.3 |
The enthalpy change for the combustion of butyric acid at 25 °C, DH°comb, is -2,183.5 kilojoules per mole. The combustion reaction is
C3H7COOH(l) + 5 O2(g) <===> 4 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)
(a) From the data above, calculate the standard heat of formation, DHf°, for butyric acid at 25 °C.
(b) Write a correctly balanced equation for the formation of butyric acid from its elements.
(c) Calculate the standard entropy change, DSf°, for the formation of butyric acid at 25 °C. The entropy change, DS°, for the combustion reaction above is -117.1 J K¯1 at 25 °C.
(d) Calculate the standard free energy of formation, DGf°, for butyric acid at 25 °C.
4) Give a scientific explanation for the following observations. Use equations of diagrams if they are relevant.
(a) It takes longer to cook an egg until it is hard-boiled in Denver (altitude 1 mile above sea level) than it does in New York City (near sea level).
(b) Burning coal containing a significant amount of sulfur leads to "acid rain."
(c) Perspiring is a mechanism for cooling the body.
(d) The addition of antifreeze to water in a radiator decreases the likelihood that the liquid in the radiator will either freeze or boil.
5) Discuss the roles of indicators in the titration of acids and bases. Explain the basis of their operation and the factors to be considered in selecting an appropriate indicator for a particular titration.
6) Given solid samples of KI and of (NH4)2CO3. Briefly describe four simple laboratory tests by which these two compounds can be distinguished. For each test, report the expected result for each compound.
7) The van der Waals equation of state for one mole of a real gas is as follows:
(P + a/V2) (V - b) = RT
For any given gas, the values of the constants a and b can be determined experimentally. Indicate which physical properties of a molecule determine the magnitudes of the constants a and b . Which of the two molecules, H2 or H2S has the higher value for a and which has the higher value for b ? Explain. One of the van der Waals constants can be correlated with the boiling point of a substance. Specify which constant and how it is related to the boiling point.
8) Discuss some differences in physical and chemical properties of metals and nonmetals. What characteristic of the electronic configurations of atoms distinguishes metals from nonmetals? On the basis of this characteristic, explain why there are many more metals than nonmetals.
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